Method of geological survey



Feb. 20, 194. L. B. sues-ITER ZQLZ METHOD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 6`vvENTI Feb. 20, E949. L.. B. sLlcHTER ZWZ METHOD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Filed March 2, 1955 4 sheets-sheet 2 Feb. Z, i946. L E, SUCH-ER ZQZ METHOD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Filed March 2, 1935 4 Sheecs-SheerI 5 INENII'OFR"y Feb 2G, 3.94, L. a. sues-ITER METHODV OF G EOLOGICAL SURVEY 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed March 2, 1935 AL u ATTORNEYS Patented Feb. 2, 1940 i "TS Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation,

Houston, Tex., a corporation ci Delaware Application March 2, 1935, Serial No. 9,046

i Claim.

The presentinvention relates to the exploration of drill holes and the determination of the geologyof the earth thereby, particularly for the purpose of determining the properties and characteristics of the various lstrata that the drill hole passes through and the character of the surrounding earth. Investigations of this nature provide important information concerning the character of the ground through which drillings have been made and thereby furnish complete information for further drillings as well as information about the character and structure of the entire re'gion where the observations are made.

In the present invention, the exploration is more particularly made by the use of compressional or other wave energy, and in particular by the use of waves of a shorter wave length than the so-called seismic vibrations, although the latter may be used in the present invention. The advantage of this type of wave over the seismic vibrations will appear more particularly from the description and discussion given below, but it may be stated briefly that by the use of shorter waves, that is, waves shorter than seismic vibrations, a greater absorption is obtained, and therefore the use of such waves provides a measuring standard that will show greater variations for the dilierent characteristics and properties of the earth lining the drill holes at various points. It is also true that the shorter waves allow a greater number of vibrations to pass per unit of time between given spaced units and are in a given distance more affected by the character of the walls of the drill hole.

In the present invention the source of compressional vibrations of the acoustic type may be generated at any desired point in the drill hole. vSuch vibrations may be created either by an impulse, a discontinuous note, an explosion or by interrupted continuous harmonic vibrations or even by continuous harmonic Vibrations. 'I'he source of the acoustic vibrations may be of any of the types described above and in the case of harmonic or continuous vibrations may be obtained by oscillators or sound generators such as are commonly used in the art of submarine signalling. As has been stated above the source may be placed anywhere in the drill hole and at definitely known points in the drill hole or well suitable receivers may be placed to pick up the sound energy arriving at that point from the sound source.

The intensity of the energy picked up by' the receiver may be read on a suitable instrument or the value of the intensity may be recorded. The relative response of the various receivers may also be compared; for instance, by introducing resistance of known magnitude in a known response circuit suicient to reduce the response g to a standard level of comparison or by thermocouple measurements with or without amplication. The energy received by a single receiver relative to the source energy may also be measured by well known means. The invention, the il@ operation of the same, and the principles involved, will be more readily understood by consideration of the following description taken in connection with the drawings, in which:

Figure i shows the invention as applied to the i5 drill hole.

Figure 2 shows schematically a wiring diagram for connecting the various units.

Figure 3 shows a detail of the receiving units as attached to the cable inthe drill hole.

Figure 4 shows the same detail as Figure 3, but viewed from the top.

Figure 5 shows a further modication for application to so-called dry wells.

.Figure 6 shows an intensity curve indicating the change of character of the surface walls of the well or hole.

Fig. '7 illustrates a modication involving a single receiver and a plurality of transmitters.

In Figure 1, a sound generator or oscillator l Sil may be provided towards the lower part of the well, or as has been stated above, in any other desired position. The generator I may be supplied by energy transmitted through the cable 2, which cable may also act as a support for a5 the generator i. The generator l may be of any suitable type and preferably is of the so-called oscillator type used generally for sub-aqueous signalling. The generator i may act as a weight for the cable, or additional weight may be pro- (i0 vided as shown by the weight 3 attached thereto. At various points along the cable 2, there are provided receiving units t, 5 and 6, there being three shown in Figure 1, but it is understood that one or. more units may be used if desired, and that two units may suflice. These units are individually connected through conductors forming a part o the cable. A pair of conductors may be used for each unit or in fact 50 a single conductor may be used with a ground or with common wire return.

Each receiving unit, 4, 5 and 6 may be provided with two separate receivers, if desired, as indicated by l and 8, the receiving unit itself may vbe made?y streamline as 'shown in' Figuresl which Willbe described later. r y y l f vInliguez there is shown diagrammatic repl zre'se'ntation vof ythe system set forth infFigure 1. In this case an 'oscillator l vis supplied by energy -through the conductors Ii and II which'may be f twistedand shielded to prevent induction vor disturbances of the receiving conductors which also if maybe twisted and'shielded Within the cable 2. v The units 1 sindy ilv may be of thefmagnetophone; type, as indicated in Figure '2; in vwhich thev diavr kphragiri vIl vhas anarmature 'I3 inducingzcurrentv in the windings i4 and rI5 placed over vthe core vi6. Each unit, vsuch as I'Liit vand-'I isconvn'ected respectively by the vconductors 20, 2i landl 22 yto itsf'respective 'ampli-der and indicator 2l, f v 24 and 25, in whichan indicating lmeter'such asv 28' 'may ire-provided.: Any other suitable means vmay be used such' as la bridge withaiphone lor galvanometer. Ifrdesiredeach unit 23,24 *and* "25 vmay vbe respectively vccm'nected to recorders 21, 218 vand 29so' that a'permanent*record'canvv be ,kept of the intensityloi' 'the signal'receivedv atv eachv receiver, or preferably of the :relative in- :tens'ities of the -signalsreceived .at-each receiver;v

These intensities may be' plottedas ordinates on v vav curve suchias is shown in Figure 6, thevabf yscissae corresponding to they points atlw'hich the- :receivers are placed inthe vdrill; holes.v f fi In :Figure 3 thereis shown in greater detail the v,*structures*ofi the unitsiLB and 6.' 'Such' units veach comprises a streamline case madev of vtwo partsv and 3i whichv are somewhat ,oval in *,sl'iape,v and have, rwhen put .together a rcenter ,opening vor hole through which the cable2 may passt: hetwo' partsr randv3z| which, may be y y madev of wood or other suitable materialv are i held together in 'any :suitable manner, as; for inv y'stance by machine vor wood bolts or nuts'32,32,

32,32', which as'indicatedin'FigureB may be :re-

cessed in one half of the frame and covered by a. cement filling as indicated by 33, 33. When the half units are applied to the cable, the cable is firmly clamped within the unit and the unit gives an appearance somewhat of the shape of a football, the two parts being iirmly held together by the clamping bolts. Each half unit 30 and 3i may be provided with a suitable receiver, as for instance a receiver 34 of the magnetophone type in which there is provided a diaphragm 35 held fast by bolts 36 to a flange 37 of the casing 38 of the magnetophone. The casing 38 may be held in the unit 30 by means of the bolts 39, a

recess being formed Within the unit 30 so that the casing will t snugly into it. Within the casing 38 there may be provided two coils 4U, forming with the U shaped core 4I, a magnet system which will set up or generate a current when the diaphragm 35 vibrates. The coils l0 may be polarized with direct current, or permanent magnets may be used. The diaphragm' 35 may be made flush with the surface of the half 30, which unit itself is substantially streamlined about the conductor. The cable 2 may contain a supporting core to support the weight of the cable itself and the receivers that are down deeper in the drill hole, and similarly the cable 2 may be pro--4 vided with groups of twisted leads for the various receiving units. The half 30 and the half 3| may both be provided with sound receivers and while these may be individually connected with their indicators and recorders, nevertheless, it is preferable to operate both receivers in parallel or series and place them as indicated in Figure 1, on either side of the streamline unit.

' by'meansvoiscrewor machine bolts42 and they7 'l well. v*utilized in a dry'hola Inthis casev thesourcevr vreceivers .receive energy from the air. Y Y more, instead loi' transmitting the energy throughv v f y The receivers themselves may be held in the units v leads tov transmit the energy picked: up bythe greatpartoi-the'exploration isto'be 'done in drill holes that are lled-y with water as indi-v f cated by in: Figure 1. vIn this case the water v:serves vasithe chief propagating mediurntor they 'f transmission of the compressional zwavesin. they However the analogouszprocedure may be the air in the hole or through water in the hole,

vvthevenergyf inight be tran'smittedthrough thev walls i ofv the hole by impressing. the vibrations i upon the wall vrof therhole andreceiving themv lfrom thezwalls Ioi' the hole, i n, vcontacting cap'or convexvplate ,46, as indicatedinv y: Figurer 5 may be'provided, wliichvelement may be i somewhat resilient and be supported 'against the diaphragm 35 by: means oi aspring support 4l f or in any other suitable manner. i The vspring 4T i maybe held inl any wayto the resilient cap 't6 i and thevdiaphragm k35-such asby welding or by some mechanical attachment. The cap 46 should be vmade of sufilcient heightso ,that as thev rrev ceiver islowereddown into the drill hole, the cap i 4Q will press 'against the side walls of 'thek drillr y:hole and make: a goodI acoustic connection:hev vrtwefven :the walls of the drill hole'and; thev dias vpl'rragm 35.- By :providingvcapsito both'rla-,

phragms vsound energy maybe picked up quick- For :this purpose a 1 iyonmotn.- :nime opeiatnmcf,thesysteme,v 7

the material forming the walls of the hole. The

porosity of the wall rock of a drill hole is of importance practically in the determination of the flow oi' oil from the oil rock or sand or the flow of water into the hole and may be measured by the comparative or absolute intensities of the i sound waves picked up by the various receiving units. Since the absorption per unit length will be greater at the audible frequencies than in the range of subaudible frequencies or seismic vibrations, it will readily be seen that the use of audible vibrations has a. distinct advantage in the present invention. This is particularly true where there is good transmission in the drill hole, because the absorption is small and more diihcult to measure. It may be noted in this respect that the absorption will change with the change in the structural character of the walls of the hole, and that the intensity curve follows a law of decay as a function of distance which will change with the change of the strata or layers in the earth. This is indicated in Figure 6, where for the strata A, the intensity curve is represented by B, and for the strata C. represented by B1, while for the strata D, it is represented by B2, a' point of inflection occurring where the stratum changes. Where the well is dry. the modication shown in Figure 5 may be used, in which case the cap 5G is placed against the side of the drill hole through the spring M and the sound energy is conveyed to the receiver by the contact of the plate 66, the spring d'1 operating against the diaphragm 35. Other means may be provided for acoustically coupling the side of the drill holes with the receiver, but in each case it should be remembered that the units must not be held so tightly against the side walls of the drill hole that the cable cannot be lowered. Observations may be taken with the cable part way or all the way down in the drill hole. It is preferable in making such observations to keep the distance of the receiving units at a constant spacing one from the other and from the source, and this is possible by clamping the units as indicated in Figure 1, directly to the cable itself.

In place of using a single transmitter and a plurality of receivers, a. single receiver and a plurality of transmitters may be used. In the latter case, the transmitters Il and l' may be placed at denite points in the hole or well as shown in Fig. 7, and operated successively, and the energy picked up by the receiver 5 in the bore hole. The responses of the receiver 5 may be transmitted through the conductors 22' to the amplier 25' and its indicating meter 26 and recorder 29' and the absolute or relative intensities of the energy received from each transmitter may be measured or compared.

Continuous measurement may be made with a recorder or otherwise as the source and receivers are moved as a unit along the hole, and in this way a complete survey of the hole may be made obtaining measures of intensity or response of the receivers at all points in the hole, thus establishing a curve of absorption for all depths in the hole.

It is understood that the frequency of the source may be varied to secure a degree of absorption suitable to the particular conditionsencountered. If the absorption is too high, the frequency may be lowered and vice versa.

Having now described my invention, I claim:

A method of determining the geological structure of the earth in the vicinity of a drill hole which comprises successively producing sound vibrations at spaced points in the drill hole, receiving at a single fixed position from said spaced points therein the waves produced at said points and comparing the energy received from said points.

LOUIS B. SLICHTER. 

